Part II: ChooseONE Short Essay to be answered in two substantial paragraphs with specific examples, making sure you address all parts of the question. Show complexity. (25 pts out of 100)

1) Native Peoples of the Northeast & Native English Relations, 1620s-1670s. Write a well-developed essay on Native-English relations in the region that became New England between 1620 and the 1670’s (from before the arrival of the Mayflower to King Philip’s War- this foundational period establishes the patterns for Native-English relations that we’ll see after the 1670’s). Be sure to discuss the native peoples in New England before English arrival, the first encounters between Massasoit and the English and the first decade of sustained contact, the subsequent arrival of the Puritans in the 1630s and the shifting Native/English relationship, the origins and consequences of Metacom’s rebellion (a.k.a. King Philip’s war). What specifically did this war mean for Native/English relations after the 1670’s? What patterns would it establish for Native/English (and soon White Americans) relations in the next generations? What precedents would it set? Weave in some of our primary sources from to tell your story of this complex relationship.

(Study hints: “We Shall Remain: After the Mayflower”; Takaki’s chapter on early Native peoples, our primary sources on English/Native relations (praying towns, Metacom’s grievances…), lecture materials

OR:

2) African Slavery, the transatlantic slave trade, the emergence of race and the racial hierarchy in the United States and its consequences for modern America. Write an essay in which you address the complexities of African Slavery, the transatlantic slave trade and the institution of slavery in the United States and the broader Americas. Be sure to discuss the three “passages” (first, second or “middle,” and third), their eventual destinations, the rationales for their enslavement, their work and functions here, their responses to the institution of slavery, their cultural impact, and their role in the formation of new societies in the Americas. Discuss also some “legacies” 246 years of African slavery in the United States would have for American society. In what ways would this continue to matter through the end of the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century? Be sure to bring in examples from your readings, films, lecture materials, podcasts, and primary sources.

Study hints: Takaki’s chapters on slavery, including the role of America’s “founding fathers” in solidifying slavery in America; our film “The Black Atlantic,” (see study guide), our primary sources, Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Tips for Slave Traders, “Wet Nurses”; “America’s Enduring Caste System” by Isabel Wilkerson, NY Times, 8/20, p’s 1-5 (article in Canvas) *podcast “Throughline”, episode “America’s Caste System” (esp. min’s 5:39-12:08, interview w/ Isabel Wilkerson). Frederick Douglass “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” (1852 speech. Delivered by his descendants, PBS 2021). Text of speech is here; Film: “Reconstruction: America After the Civil War”.

Part III: Everyone answers this one. ONE Medium Sized essay to be answered in three to four robust paragraphs each with specific examples, making sure you address all parts of the question(50 points out of/100)

2) Manifest Destiny, Native Removal, Cotton, and the U.S. Conquest of Mexico, first half of the 19th Century. Describe the emergence of “Manifest Destiny” in the U.S. – tell us what it is, how it emerged, and explain how it impacted Native peoples in the U.S., specifically, the tens of thousands of Native peoples in the U.S. Southeast, focusing on the Choctaw, and the Cherokee. Describe how these lands came to be the center of cotton production with millions of African enslaved people there (Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia). Then explain how the U.S. came to take half of Mexico (including Mexico’s challenges of the early 19th century). Then tell us how the Mexican American and Native American population that lived in the territories that the U.S. took from Mexico in 1848 (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas…) fared after 1848.

*Explain each part with specific examples for each part.

(Study hints: lectures, Takaki’s chapters on Native peoples our films “To Conquer or Redeem: Manifest Destiny, Pt II, Empire of Liberty”, AND “We Shall Remain: Trail of Tears”; films & podcasts on Mexican Americans and Native Peoples. Article “Time to Acknowledge the Genocide of California’s Natives”. All housed in Canvas)